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| 1851 |
| | | The Australian gold rush begins with the discovery of gold fields at Ballarat and a few months later at Bendigo | |
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| 1854 |
| | | Australian gold diggers, angered by the requirement to purchase a licence, make a defiant stand at the Eureka stockade | |
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| 1861 |
| | | Chinese immigrants to Australia are the victims of violent racial attacks at Lambing Flat | |
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| 1862 |
| | | John McDouall Stuart reaches the north coast of Australia at Van Diemen's Gulf seven months after setting off from Adelaide | |
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| 1862 |
| | | The bones of Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills are brought back to Melbourne after the heroic failure of their attempt to cross Australia | |
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| 1870 |
| | | Adelaide and Darwin are linked across the entire Australian continent by the Overland Telegraph Line | |
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| 1875 |
| | | An outbreak of measles in Fiji, brought to the islands by British visitors, kills a quarter of the population | |
|  | Medicine man, Australia
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1887 |
| | | The Australian soprano Nellie Melba makes her operatic debut as Gilda in Rigoletto in Brussels | |
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| 1891 |
| | | French artist Paul Gauguin travels to Tahiti and stays in the Pacific islands for most of the rest of his life | |
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| c. 1892 |
| | | The French chef Auguste Escoffier creates and names a dessert in honour of the Australian soprano Nellie Melba | |
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